How does China’s 12th Five-Year Plan address energy and the environment?
March 16, 2011 by Chunfeng
China has unveiled its 12th five year plan on 14 March 2011. While so far there is no electronic copy of the plan online, I have refered to this article by Deborah Seligsohn and Angel Hsu who are researchers of relevant policies regarding Chinese policies in the energy and environment sphere.
This post originally appeared on ChinaFAQs, the World Resources Institute, and Gris, and is reposted with permission.
The draft of China’s much-anticipated 12th Five-Year Plan was released this Saturday, March 5 at the opening session of the National People’s Congress (NPC). The Plan will actually be brought to a vote at the close of the session later this week. While there may be some changes to the Plan, in past years these have not been large.
The 118-page draft of the 12th Five-Year Plan is not yet available online, but we were able to acquire a hard copy to review. In the meantime, Xinhua provided a summary of the major targets included in the 12th Five-Year Plan . In addition, a number of the key reports delivered at the first day of the NPC are also online in both Chinese and English, and these reports include the Work Report issued by Premier Wen Jiabao. Premier Wen’s Work Report includes both an assessment of the previous five years and a summary of highlights of the next Five-Year Plan. Our analysis below is derived from both the initial draft of the 12th Five-Year Plan and the Work Report.
What’s notable in the Plan and the Work Report is the prominent position of both climate change and environmental issues, in addition to energy. Indeed, not only is this the first Five-Year Plan that mentions climate change, but it is mentioned at the top of the environmental section. There is also a full paragraph detailing China’s commitment to international cooperation and the UN-led climate negotiation process, including concerns of climate finance and technology transfer. The Plan also discusses the need to implement more climate adaptation-related policies, such as greater preparedness for extreme weather events.
Energy and Climate Targets:
As expected, there are separate targets for energy intensity (16 percent reduction by 2015) and CO2 emissions per unit GDP (17 percent reduction by 2015). These are within the expected range and congruent with the 40 to 45 percent reduction in carbon intensity from 2005 levels that was first announced in the Copenhagen talks and reaffirmed in Cancun this past November. Clearly defined and distinct energy and CO2 emissions targets will help ensure provinces implementenergy policies with carbon goals clearly in mind. Somewhat surprisingly, there was no mention of a total energy consumption target, which was recently announced by China’s former Minister in charge of the National Energy Administration, Zhang Guobao . It will be interesting to see whether this emerges in the specific energy-sector plan that will come later this spring.
The draft Plan and Work Reports also include noteworthy policies in:
Forests:
China has been steadily increasing forest cover since the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949. This next five year plan goes a significant distance toward meeting China’s Copenhagen commitment on forests. In the Plan itself the Chinese government set a goal to increase the area of forest cover by 12.5 million hectares by 2015, while in Premier Wen’s Work Report, he announced a forest stock volume goal of 600 million m3. While the forest cover area goal seems more or less in line with the already stated 2020 goal to increase forest cover by 40 million hectares over 2005 levels, the volume stock target seems more ambitious because it seeks to achieve almost half of the 15-year target of 1.3 billion cubic meters by year 2020.
Tracking Implementation:
To achieve these climate and energy targets, the level of detail and specificity, covering a full range of resource and environmental issues, provided in the Plan and the Work Reports are impressive. Premier Wen stated that China would put in place “well-equipped statistical and monitoring systems for greenhouse gas emissions, energy conservation and emissions reductions” to ensure these policies are tracked and properly implemented.
Efficiency:
China has had a particularly successful track record on industrial energy efficiency in the previous five years. In the new Plan, there are both new policies to promote greater industrial efficiency, and a major push to include all other sectors of the economy, including both new and existing buildings. For example, the Plan introduces a 10,000 Enterprises Program. While we don’t have details as to what this program will be, it appears to be a ramp up of the successful Top 1,000 enterprises program. We’ll certainly be following this development closely in the coming months. Following the endorsement of new types of mechanisms in the October Party Plenum Document, the Plan specifically endorses market approaches like energy service companies (ESCOs) that help to finance energy efficiency.
Transport:
While China certainly has plans for additional air and road transport, what is striking is the commitment to rail, both long distance and in urban mass transit. The Plan includes proposals for the construction of 35,000 km of high-speed rail and a goal to connect every city with a population greater than 500,000. There are also plans to improve subway and light rail in cities that already have urban transit systems, building new systems in at least nine other cities, and making plans for six or more cities. We expect to see more detail and perhaps more cities as the sector-specific plan becomes available.
Non-fossil energy:
The Plan incorporates the goal of 11.4 percent non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption by 2015 announced by Zhang Guobao last month. China continues to exceed earlier targets in non-fossil development. For example, the five-year target for wind is 70 gigawatts of additional installation, which exceeds the 2020 target of just a few years ago. For nuclear, the plan is to install 40 additional gigawatts of capacity by 2015. China currently has around 10 GW of installed nuclear capacity now, which means that if this five-year target is achieved, China is likely to exceed even the expectation of 70 GW by 2020 discussed a year ago. If China achieves these numbers, it will have the world’s highest installed capacity of nuclear energy by 2020.
Environment:
The Plan itself does not make clear the specific targets for major environmental pollutants. However, they were all announced at an official NPC-connected press conference. On March 6, Zhang Ping, Director of the National Development and Reform Commission, stated that thereduction targets for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) are 8 percent, while ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen oxides are 10 percent. Director Zhang also said that these targets would be made binding for the first time in the 12th Five-Year Plan, as well as an “index evaluation system” implemented to allocate targets to provinces and ensure they are on track to meet reductions. We are not clear on exactly how these targets will be made binding, whether there will be additional documents at this NPC, or whether they will be binding in a later sector-specific plan.
While the Plan itself is general on targets, it is much more specific on policies. It assigns specific targets for cities required to reach new motor vehicle emission standards and sets goals for a wide variety of environmental infrastructure, including wastewater and solid waste treatment. There is also a strong emphasis on reuse and recycling, or what the Chinese call “circular economy.”
China is a middle-income, developing country and the next five years is when it needs to put in place the infrastructure that will enable it to develop successfully into a high-income developing country and beyond. There’s a clear recognition in these plans of the importance of environmental sustainability in being able to reach not just higher levels of income and but also increased welfare of the Chinese people. The Plan itself is highly specific in some areas but also in others somewhat unclear (for instance, target pollutants). Much of the clarity in implementation comes through sectoral plans and later regulations and guidance. We will continue to track policy implementation as it unfolds.
Comments
Re: Copy of complete 5 year plan
April 27, 2011 by Chunfeng
Dear Dr. Van Davy,
Apologies for my late reply. Regarding your question, I'm not based in China right now and I do not have a complete copy. Perhaps you can contact
http://www.chinafaqs.org/
or
http://hsu.me/about/
from whom I acquired the information.
I do have some other research regarding the plan, we can discuss further if you're interested.
Best regards,
Chunfeng
Re: How does China’s 12th Five-Year Plan address energy and the environment?
March 17, 2012 by Anonymous
Webnomics Technologies is a asp.net development and outsourcing company providing affordable design and development services. Now a new project of Virtual IT launched as a virtual education....(forex trading ) Webnomics technologies has their expertise in forex market and travel industry which provide most latest forex trading, forex broker and updates. Webnomics Technologies also have travel services for the one cheap trip booking booking. Webnomics technologies has a software development department to provide modern software | best travel deals | travel insurance | web development
Re: How does China’s 12th Five-Year Plan address energy and the environment?
March 28, 2012 by Anonymous
Informative and interesting graduate school personal statement which we share with you so i think so it is very useful and knowledgeable. I would like to thank you for the efforts. I am tiring the same best work from me in the future as well.
Re: How does China’s 12th Five-Year Plan address energy and the environment?
April 7, 2012 by Anonymous
nike discontinued running shoes green nike running shoes nike shox basketball shoes green nike soccer cleats black and pink nike running shoes nike junior tour tennis discount nike air max 2010 new nike free run 2011 nike shoxs for women
nike clearance store online black and pink nike dunks nike shoe factory buy nike sneakers online big kids nike shox nike hypermax tennis ball discounted nike air max nike 6.0 stickers free all nike shoes
nike city court v tennis shoes best nike basketball shoes nike shoe creator buy nike free 3.0 authentic nike air force 1 nike girls tennis shoes nike free run eastbay nike free run 12.5 nike coupon
nike canvas tennis shoes authentic nike air max nike shocks for men create nike shoes online nike golf outlet kids nike air max 2010 nike free run lime green buy cheap nike sb 2010 nike running shoes
nike air gato indoor soccer shoes acg nike boots for men nike outlets online cheap nike shox sale nike free run livestrong women grey nike basketball shoes nike free run plus review cheap high top nike dunks cheap nike shoes 2012
nike soccer shoes kids nike shoes nike outlet store online cheap nike shox for sale nike free run discount girls nike tennis shoes nike sb janoski sale cheap nike air max 360 cheap nike shoes
nike slip on tennis shoes nike mercurial vapor iv soccer cleats orange peel nike tennis clothes 2009 nike shox nike free 5.0 id girls nike tennis shoes nike air max 2009 men s running shoe cheap nike clothing online cheap nike air
nike shoes deals cheap nike air max hyperize nike t shirts for men nike white tennis shoes nike factory outlet online store gilroy nike outlet nike air max 24-7 men s running shoe cheap nike cortez shoes cheap nike air max
nike sb dunk statue of liberty niketown store nike air max run lite nike store boston discount nike free run birch run nike outlet nike air max moto 8 men s running shoe cheap nike outlet online nike coupon
nike outlet san francisco nike sb dunk sale nike air max online nike shox turmoil customize soccer cleats nike best price on nike shox nike air max trainer 1 men s training shoe cheap nike shox size 13 nike outlet coupons
nike factory outlet application nike free 3.0 v2 discontinued nike air max id cheap wholesale nike shoes customize nike free run basketball trainers nike boys nike air max 95 cheap nike shox sneakers nike coupons
nike dri fit tennis socks nike acg outlet new nike shox cheapest nike dunks customize nike basketball jerseys authentic nike shox buy nike air max 2009 cheap nike shox tl3 nike outlet coupon
nike blazers cheap discount nike running apparel new nike boots cheapest nike free custom nike free run all black nike dunks buy nike air max 90 online cheap wholesale nike dunks nike women shoes
nike air zoom vapor vi tour tennis shoes cole haan nike air boots sale mens nike soccer cleats nike free 5.0 v4 basketball bags nike nike basketball shoes cheap buy nike free running shoes nike air force ones wholesale nike men shoes
nike air legend soccer cleats nike store westfarms mall mens nike free run shoes nike watches for men nike womens golf shorts nike air zoom tennis shoes cheap nike air max command nike free discontinued nike shoes sale
buy nike bags online nike shoes outlet stores mens nike air max 2011 nike tennis apparel nike women s comfort thong nike air max run lite womens cheap nike air max skyline buy cheap nike dunks nike air maxes
buy nike apparel online nike outlet bluffton sc kids nike id nike store website nike tennis shoes for boys nike air free run discount nike air max 2009 buy nike dunks cheap men nike air max
buy nike amp nike free run ipod discount nike sneakers nike store promotional code nike store santa monica nike air force ones online finish line nike free run cheap mens nike basketball shoes nike air max womens
buy nike air max 360 nike free run barefoot clearance nike shoes nike store promo codes nike custom soccer cleats cheap nike free runs nike free run 7.0 v2 cheap nike air max 97 kids nike air max shoes
buy custom nike shoes all nike sb shoes cheap nike sb nike store coupon codes nike baller id bands cheap nike dunks low nike free run barefoot cheap nike shox free shipping coupon for nike outlet
nike free run 12.5 nike store free shipping code cheap nike free run nike store coupon code nike apparel online cheap nike air max for kids nike free run best price cheap nike shox turbo nike shoes store
nike football outlet nike steel toe tennis shoes cheap nike air max 90 nike soccer shoes mercurial nike 2 in 1 running shorts cheap nike air forces nike free run clearance cheap sb blazers nike outlet coupons
nike factory outlet st louis mills nike shoes wholesale suppliers cheap nike air max 2011 black and white nike dunks men s nike free 7.0 cheap mens nike shox nike free run minimal running shoe women cheapest nike running shoes girls nike shoes
nike factory outlet sawgrass nike sb dunk release dates 2011 cheap nike air force 2011 nike running shoes cheap nike dunks shoes are nike shox good for running nike men s air max courtballistec 2.3 tennis shoes ladies nike free running shoes nike zumba shoes
nike factory outlet houston nike sb dunk low pro black white buy shoes online nike toddler nike shoes cheap nike air max 2010 all nike running shoes nike air max trainer essential women s training shoe cheap mens nike running shoes mens nike air max 2010
Re: How does China’s 12th Five-Year Plan address energy and the environment?
April 11, 2012 by Anonymous
cheap ray ban sunglasses shops official website is a greatest spot to have a look at the entire range connected with cheap ray ban. So, in the event you were being trying to find these kinds of cheap ray ban uk, then right now which has a sole click on connected with sensitive mouse, you can buy your own most liked pair of cheap ray ban uk. In the event higher price ranges of these cheap ray ban sunglasses uk tend to be disturbing you, then dont be anxious because from ray ban cheap sunglasses merchandisers exclusive retailer, you can snap up these kinds of cheap ray ban wayfarer from low-priced price ranges. That expanding website connected with ray ban aviator shops is actually the consequence of excellent glasses presented through them to all or any its loyalists.
Re: How does China’s 12th Five-Year Plan address energy and the environment?
April 23, 2012 by Anonymous
new balance
Beat Jessica Ennis and you will be Olympic heptathlon champion, Dean Macey has told the rest of the world.Macey is a former decathlete who won Commonwealth gold and World Championship silver before injury cut short his career.He knows what it takes to reach the top in multi-eventing and in Ennis he recognises a "new balancetruly world-class athlete".Macey said: "Jess is better than I ever was. She has all the tools she needs to deliver in London and to break Denise Lewis' British record in the process."I know she has lost her two world titles in the past eight months, to Tatyana Chernova (heptathlon) and Nataliya Dobrinska (pentathlon)."But I still believe most of the world looks at Jess as the one to beat. You know, beat her and you get the gold. That's certainly how I see it."As someone who twice finished in fourth place at Olympics Macey knows as well as anybody how fine is the line between medals and disappointment.
He recognises that Britain has a clutch of golden opportunities, in the form of Mo Farah (5,000m and 10,000m), Phillips Idowu (triple jump), Dai Greene (400m hurdles) and Ennis New Balance Running Shoes .But he said: "There is no margin for error. Look at Mo at the recent World Indoors. He went in with a gold medal chance and finished fourth. That shows how difficult it is."Those four have got fantastic chances providing they turn up healthy and in shape. But just because the Olympics are in London and in our eyes they are gold medal favourites New Balance Running Shoes, doesn't mean they have a God-given right to that medal."The performances these guys may need to produce in order to win may be far beyond what they've actually produced in the past."If Dai runs 48 seconds flat that might not be enough. If Jess scores a British record that might not be enough. Phillips might have to jump 18 metres."
What we do know is that the past year new balance walking shoes has shown Ennis to be the most consistent heptathlete in the business. While she finished World runner-up indoors and out, neither champion made it onto both podiums.And were Macey handing out gold medals for dealing with media hype he says the Sheffield star would have one around her neck."For the last three years she's been labelled as the golden girl for London - the media she's had to deal with I tell you I could not have done it," he said."Yet she always puts her training new balance walking shoesfirst and she's never turned up out of shape for a competition. She's a class act."Dean Macey yesterday launched McDonald's Mascotathon, a scheme to get children across the UK into the spirit of the London 2012 Games. Visit www.mascotathon.co.uk
Christian Louboutin Sale
April 23, 2012 by Anonymous
As their alternative for the collapsed cossack is not out of best but is due to the actuality that walking with Christian Louboutin Sale heels is not their cup of tea and so they would like to retire to the collapsed Christian Louboutin Outlet footwear. It is a actuality that no amount how adequate one is with the top heels footwear, the anxiety are declared to pain. The acumen for the aforementioned is that the anxiety are in its aberrant anatomy which one is Christian Louboutinn walking. The ladies who are so alleged adequate walking with heels are in fact added advanced to the pain.
Ray Ban Sunglasses
April 23, 2012 by Anonymous
Ray Ban Sunglasses began their adventure as an asset to goggles. These appropriate Ray Ban UK sunglasses became accepted with aviators. There is a fable that they were advised for pilots during World War II, but a lot of pilots didn't use Ray Ban Outlet sunglasses during their flights. However, there are abounding pictures assuming this cast of Ray Ban Wayfarer sunglass on soldiers from the World War II era. The aboriginal Ray Ban sunglasses were fabricated with cogitating lenses, and wire frames that absorbed abaft the ear.
Re: How does China’s 12th Five-Year Plan address energy and the environment?
April 24, 2012 by Anonymous
The Coach Factory Outlet will be judged by an exclusive panel made up of professionals from the coach outlet online leading fashion coach factory, coach outlet customers and leading
Supra Footwear
in style.nba jerseys on sale as one of coach factory online's founders buckled under this coach bags on sale and left to found a more multicultural oil painting reproduction to his own Coach Outlet.Raising the coach factory outlet reveals the first surprise and delight Nike Air Max features of the Supra Shoes, a pair of champagne art paintings for sale in a bespoke flock-lined Coach Purses Outlet and lit by phosphor blue ambient lighting. On a small business level, this could be important for those businesses that import or sell luxury kobe shoes. Or more specifically, those that important or sell Supra Sneakers that are similar to name brand items. Supra Skytops just make it so perfect, the way derrick rose shoes works together - the colours, the coach outlet online diamonds. It's kind of like going to a hotel. You just get everything, and it's all free.It looks certain that 2012 will be the year when sincerity, whose star has risen since featuring in The woman Wears coach outlet six years ago, cements her place in the oil paintings gallery A-list.The coach factory outlet images were shot by Steven Meisel, featuring the http://www.suprafootwearsales.net/ supra footwear models atop vintage cars set at a 50's-style American gas station.The handbags are displayed on the site, showing any damage, stain or scuff. They are categorized based on their use, as new, nearly new, gently used or well worn.
Coach Factory Online
May 15, 2012 by Anonymous
The Coach Factory certificate qualifies you to independently plan, deliver and evaluate a series of cycling activity sessions to groups of beginner and intermediate level children or adults.One key role of any leader is to coach team members to achieve their best. Look closely at the Coach Factory Online logos on the outside of the bag. They should all be symmetrical, especially at the seams. Notice whether any of the logos are cut off at any of the bag?ˉs edges or seams.
An authentic Coach handbag does not display a logo that has been severed or partially sewn into a seam. No matter how slight the compromise may be, the coach should be completely in tact. Below are some great Coach Outlet Handbags that will fit with your personal style and for all occasions.Coach Outlet Handbags, was founded in 1941, the family business seminars. Six generations of Coach Outlet masters manufactured in the United States from the loft of leather technology manually.
coach handbags
April 28, 2012 by Anonymous
When the country's economy suffered external intervention, coach bags the lack of domestic market will severely affect the socio-economic stability and further development.coach handbags Rural land use rights to expand their power, is imperative. To expand their power by law to coach uk make of this right to use clearly defined and favorable protection.
Coach Outlet
April 28, 2012 by Anonymous
countless seeing that coach outlet occurs with the help, I got the information of coach outlet online from my close friends. coach outlet has become necessary in everyday life of women. Cashin worked for Coach Outlet from 1962 until 1974, louis vuitton bags is one kind of fashion accessory with high cost performance among. The louis vuitton wallet brand and the famous LV monogram are among. specialist in providing numbers of new Air Jordan bags at amazing price . Amazon online marketplace seriously isn't plagued by Nike Air Max product. Heartily welcome all of you to our sac louis vuitton Outlet. a settlement agreement was put into place between louis vuitton sac, LVMH, and PPR. the shirt of beats by dre has the abbreviation'FHS'. dr dre beats is really sizzling kinds of shopping way for you. Working with world-famous ralph lauren uk beads, Anna Mouglalis chanel uk Allure Sensuelle spokesmodel. burberry has added two regional brands: Black Label, louis vuitton uk exhibition at the Musee Des Arts Decoratifs. louis vuitton is the country's biggest advertiser in the press. Leave it to louis vuitton uk to solve a handbag problem? All gucci uk are lovely packaged in a setting designed to both protect and present them. tiffany uk reunited with Tobin, released the album Dreams Never Die in Asia. These divine rhodium-plated christian louboutin are infused. Louis Vuitton Monogram Canvas Coach Outlet was the middle ground between the two, therefore filling a gap in the market. Coach Outlet Online is your smart choice when you want to get the discount Coach accessory. it has become the ultimate fashion accessory at Coach Factory Outlet. Coach Sunglasses coach outlet will send you a coupon in the post.
jeremy scott wings
May 6, 2012 by Anonymous
Adidas jeremy scott wings shoes on sale! Comfort, style, fitness and personality are at the heart of modern life. Adidas Porsche Design*,the new view freedom is widespread. They are happy and take pleasure from the colorful life has already become a target for the quality of someone's life. And adidas js wings shoes just have this meaning. The art of creating footwear is often characterized by its desire to attract attention, must take advantage of seasonal trends in fashion. adidas wings are full of interesting creativity is really unforgettable, some images even have deeply influenced in our heart. In additon to this, this brand also has the unique jeremy scott wings Hoodie. The hyperbolic design attracts a lot of people ?s attention. When you wear this uniqe clothes outside, people may admire you are the fashion icon. Add this stylish version at once. jeremy scott adidasit will never make you disappointed.
Re: How does China’s 12th Five-Year Plan address energy and the environment?
May 10, 2012 by Anonymous
The opening service released by the cheap christian louboutin fashion show is a black Dream like velvet costumes, models dressed in elegant texture, satin inlay collar tuxedo wearing look strange, feathers Scarecrow helmet. Christian Louboutin Sale style to transition quickly from tough is wearing soft Evening dress style. Organza hem dress, cast scorched brocade cut loose gown, ruffles laden with flowing feathers of the same color, showing gives to cut the level of style and artistic patterns. On the child of white satin, laser cut into the plant patterns and rich sense of metallic lace, inspired by the thorns of frozen Deacon garden. In this fantasy world of fairy tales, smoke gray brocade decorated with exotic animals, shading, lifelike, it made a hazy chiffon strapless wrapped chest Evening dress and evening coat with fire over long dress. Disaster present, difficult to dress so elegant and beautiful. Although these Christian Louboutin Outlet show for the eccentric creative ideas of people like Deacon, a little too neat, too orthodox, but the bones, it is still a bit dreamy and mischievous taste.
Wholesale New Era Hats
May 11, 2012 by Anonymous
ZBY020120511 Evervthing carrie's me to you
In the mind;
Wholesale New Era Hats
Cheap New Era Hats
Wholesale Hats
New Era 59fifty Hats
Cheap Hats